Cíclids
Cichlidae | |
---|---|
Pterophyllum scalare | |
Cyrtocara moorii | |
Període | |
Eocè - recent[1] | |
Taxonomia | |
Super-regne | Eukaryota |
Regne | Animalia |
Fílum | Chordata |
Classe | Actinopterygii |
Ordre | Perciformes |
Família | Cichlidae Bonaparte, 1835 |
Subfamílies | |
| |
Distribució | |
Els cíclids (Cichlidae) són una família de peixos d'aigües dolces tropicals pertanyent a l'ordre dels perciformes, algunes espècies de la qual són molt apreciades com a peixos d'aquari (especialment els gèneres Cichlasoma, Aequidens, Pseudotropheus, Aulonocara, Julidochromis, Pterophyllum i Symphysodon).[2][3][4]
Contingut
1 Morfologia
2 Reproducció
3 Alimentació
4 Hàbitat i distribució geogràfica
5 Depredació
6 Observacions
7 Gèneres
8 Referències
9 Bibliografia
10 Enllaços externs
Morfologia
Són de dimensions mitjanes, tot i que Boulengerochromis microlepis pot assolir els 80 cm de longitud màxima. La forma del cos és molt variable però, generalment, és allargada o ovalada i comprimida lateralment. Coloració de tons apagats en alguns i vistosa en uns altres. Tenen una sola aleta dorsal, la part anterior de la qual té radis espinosos. Tenen un orifici nasal a cada costat del cap. Interrupció de la línia lateral en la majoria de les espècies. Entre 3 i 15 espines a l'aleta anal (generalment, 3). Els mascles solen ser més grossos i amb les aletes més allargades que les femelles.[5][6][7][8]
Reproducció
- En general, acostumen a pondre els ous sobre pedres que anteriorment han estat netejades escrupolosament o sobre una fulla. Els pares es fan càrrec de les cries i les defensaran amb violència dels intrusos. D'altra banda, acostumen a ser peixos molt prolífics i és prou normal que les parelles romanguin unides durant molts anys.
- En les espècies del gènere Apistogramma és comú que els mascles posseeixin diverses femelles i que tinguin accés lliure als territoris de cadascuna d'elles.
- Un curiós mètode de reproducció d'alguns cíclids és la incubació bucal. En aquest cas, els mascles assagen els primers moviments dirigint-se a la femella, la qual lentament pon els seus primers ous i els guarda dins la boca. Tot seguit, el mascle exhibeix la seva aleta anal, en la qual estan dissenyades taques similars als ous. La femella, suposant que es tracta d'ous reals, intenta guardar-los a la boca i, en intentar-ho, s'empassa l'esperma del mascle i així fecunda els ous que té dins de la boca. El desenvolupament dels embrions es desenvolupa en aproximadament 20 dies.[9]
Alimentació
Segons l'espècie, poden ser omnívors o herbívors.[6][10]
Hàbitat i distribució geogràfica
Viuen en les aigües de vegetació abundant[11] de Sud-amèrica (290 espècies), Amèrica Central, Texas (1), les Índies Occidentals, Àfrica (900), Madagascar (17), el sud de l'Índia, Sri Lanka, la vall del riu Jordà (4) i l'Iran (1).[6][12][11]
Depredació
Molts cíclids adults, si tenen l'oportunitat, poden depredar els membres més joves de la seva pròpia espècie (ous, larves i alevins) o d'altres espècies de cíclids. Aquesta pressió depredatòria ajuda a explicar la intensa atenció dels pares envers la seua progènie. Així mateix, les espècies introduïdes(com la perca, per exemple) han resultat desastroses per a molts cíclids endèmics fins a l'extrem de causar l'extinció d'algunes espècies. Els éssers humans també han exercit una intensa pressió sobre aquesta família de peixos al llarg dels segles.[13]
Observacions
Els cíclids són àmpliament emprats en aqüicultura per al consum alimentari humà. Així, per exemple, a Israel i Àsia els gèneres Oreochromis i Tilapia són molt populars; a l'Amèrica Llatina els gèneres Astronotus, Cichlasoma i Oreochromis; al Carib i a Egipte, les espècies del gènere Tilapia; i a la resta d'Àfrica, Oreochromis.[14]
Gèneres
Acarichthys (Eigenmann, 1912)[15]
Acarichthys heckelii (Müller & Troschel, 1849)[16]
Acaronia (Myers, 1940)[17]
Acaronia nassa (Heckel, 1840)[18]
Acaronia vultuosa (Kullander, 1989)[19]
Aequidens (Eigenmann & Bray, 1894)[20]
Allochromis (Greenwood, 1980)[21]
Allochromis welcommei (Greenwood, 1966)[22]
Alticorpus (Stauffer & McKaye, 1988)[23]
Altolamprologus (Poll, 1986 )[24]
Amatitlania (Schmitter-Soto, 2007)[25]
Amphilophus (Agassiz, 1859)[26]
Anomalochromis (Greenwood, 1985)[27]
Anomalochromis thomasi (Boulenger, 1915)[28]
Apistogramma (Regan, 1913)[29]
Apistogrammoides (Meinken, 1965 )[30]
Apistogrammoides pucallpaensis (Meinken, 1965)[31]
Archocentrus (Gill, 1877)[32]
Archocentrus centrarchus (Gill, 1877)[33]
Archocentrus multispinosus (Günther, 1867)[34]
Archocentrus spinosissimus (Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902)[35]
Aristochromis (Trewavas, 1935)[36]
Aristochromis christyi (Trewavas, 1935)[36]
Astatoreochromis (Pellegrin, 1904)[37]
Astatoreochromis alluaudi (Pellegrin, 1904)[38]
Astatoreochromis straeleni (Poll, 1944)[39]
Astatoreochromis vanderhorsti (Greenwood, 1954)[40]
Astatotilapia (Pellegrin, 1904)[37]
Astronotus (Swainson, 1839)[41]
Astronotus crassipinnis (Heckel, 1840)[18]
Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831)[42]
Aulonocara (Regan, 1922)[43]
Aulonocranus (Regan, 1920)[44]
Aulonocranus dewindti (Boulenger, 1899)[45]
Australoheros (Rican & Kullander, 2006 )[46]
Baileychromis (Poll, 1986)[24]
Baileychromis centropomoides (Bailey & Stewart, 1977)[47]
Bathybates (Boulenger, 1898)[48]
Benitochromis (Lamboj, 2001)[49]
Benthochromis (Poll, 1986)[50]
Benthochromis horii (Takahashi, 2008)[51]
Benthochromis melanoides (Poll, 1984)[52]
Benthochromis tricoti (Poll, 1948)[53]
Biotodoma (Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903)[54]
Biotodoma cupido (Heckel, 1840)[55]
Biotodoma wavrini (Gosse, 1963)[56]
Biotoecus (Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903)[54]
Biotoecus dicentrarchus (Kullander, 1989)[57]
Biotoecus opercularis (Steindachner, 1875)[58]
Boulengerochromis (Pellegrin, 1904)[37]- Boulengerochromis microlepis (Boulenger, 1899)[59]
Buccochromis (Eccles & Trewavas, 1989)[60]
Bujurquina (Kullander, 1986)[61]
Callochromis (Regan, 1920)[44]
Callochromis macrops (Boulenger, 1898)
Callochromis melanostigma (Boulenger, 1906)
Callochromis pleurospilus (Boulenger, 1906)
Caprichromis (Eccles & Trewavas, 1989)[60]
Caprichromis liemi (Mckaye & Mackenzie, 1982)
Caprichromis orthognathus (Trewavas, 1935)
Caquetaia (Fowler, 1945)[62]
Caquetaia kraussii (Steindachner, 1878)[63]
Caquetaia myersi (Schultz, 1944)[64]
Caquetaia spectabilis (Steindachner, 1875)[65]
Caquetaia umbrifera (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913)[66]
Cardiopharynx (Poll, 1942)[67]
Cardiopharynx schoutedeni (Poll, 1942)
Chaetobranchopsis (Steindachner, 1875)[68]
Chaetobranchopsis australis ( Eigenmann & Ward, 1907)[69]
Chaetobranchopsis orbicularis (Steindachner, 1875)[70]
Chaetobranchus (Heckel, 1840)[71]
Chaetobranchus flavescens (Heckel, 1840)
Chaetobranchus semifasciatus (Steindachner, 1875)
Chalinochromis (Poll, 1974)[72]
Chalinochromis brichardi (Poll, 1974)[73]
Chalinochromis popelini (Brichard, 1989)
Champsochromis (Boulenger, 1915)[74]
Cheilochromis (Eccles & Trewavas, 1989)[60]- Cheilochromis euchilus (Trewavas, 1935)[75]
Chetia (Trewavas, 1961)[76]
Chilochromis (Boulenger, 1902)[77]
Chilochromis duponti (Boulenger, 1902)
Chilotilapia (Boulenger, 1908)[78]
Chilotilapia rhoadesii (Boulenger, 1908)[78]
Chromidotilapia (Boulenger, 1898)[79]
Cichla (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)[80]
Cichlasoma (Swainson, 1839)[41]
Cleithracara (Kullander & Nijssen, 1989)[81]
Cleithracara maronii (Steindachner, 1881)[82]
Congochromis (Stiassny & Schliewen, 2007)[83]
Congochromis dimidiatus (Pellegrin, 1900)[84]
Congochromis pugnatus (Stiassny & Schliewen, 2007)[85]
Congochromis sabinae (Lamboj, 2005)
Congochromis squamiceps (Boulenger, 1902)[86]
Copadichromis (Eccles & Trewavas, 1989)[87]
Corematodus (Boulenger, 1897)[88]
Corematodus shiranus (Boulenger, 1897)
Corematodus taeniatus (Trewavas, 1935)
Crenicara (Steindachner, 1875 )[68]
Crenicara latruncularium (Kullander & Staeck, 1990)[89]
Crenicara punctulatum (Steindachner, 1875)[90]
Crenicichla (Heckel, 1840)[71]
Cryptoheros (Allgayer, 2001)[91]
Ctenochromis (Pfeffer, 1893)[92]
Ctenochromis benthicola (Matthes, 1962)
Ctenochromis horei (Günther, 1894)[93]
Ctenochromis luluae (Fowler, 1930)
Ctenochromis oligacanthus (Regan, 1922)
Ctenochromis pectoralis (Pfeffer, 1893)
Ctenochromis polli (Thys van den Audenaerde, 1964)
Ctenopharynx (Eccles & Trewavas, 1989)[94]
Ctenopharynx intermedius (Günther, 1864)
Ctenopharynx nitidus (Trewavas, 1935)
Ctenopharynx pictus (Trewavas, 1935)
Cunningtonia (Boulenger, 1906)[95]
Cunningtonia longiventralis (Boulenger, 1906)
Cyathochromis (Trewavas, 1935)[36]
Cyathochromis obliquidens (Trewavas, 1935)
Cyathopharynx (Regan, 1920)[44]- Cyathopharynx furcifer (Boulenger, 1898)[96]
Cyclopharynx (Poll, 1948)[97]
Cyclopharynx fwae (Poll, 1948)
Cyclopharynx schwetzi (Poll, 1948)
Cynotilapia (Regan, 1922)[43]
Cynotilapia afra (Günther, 1894)[98]
Cynotilapia axelrodi (Burgess, 1976)[99]
Cynotilapia pulpican (Tawil, 2002)[100]
Cyphotilapia (Regan, 1920)[44]
Cyprichromis (Scheuermann, 1977)[101]
Cyrtocara (Boulenger, 1902)[102]
Cyrtocara moorii (Boulenger, 1902)[103]
Danakilia (Thys van den Audenaerde, 1969)[104]- Danakilia franchettii (Vinciguerra, 1931)
Dicrossus (Steindachner, 1875)[68]
Dicrossus filamentosus (Ladiges, 1958)[105]
Dicrossus gladicauda (Schindler & Staeck, 2008)[106]
Dicrossus maculatus (Steindachner, 1875)[58]
Dimidiochromis (Eccles & Trewavas, 1989)[94]
Dimidiochromis compressiceps (Boulenger, 1908)
Dimidiochromis dimidiatus (Günther, 1864)
Dimidiochromis kiwinge (Ahl, 1926)
Dimidiochromis strigatus (Regan, 1922)
Diplotaxodon (Trewavas, 1935)[36]
Diplotaxodon aeneus (Turner & Stauffer, 1998)
Diplotaxodon apogon (Turner & Stauffer, 1998)
Diplotaxodon argenteus (Trewavas, 1935)
Diplotaxodon ecclesi (Burgess & Axelrod, 1973)
Diplotaxodon greenwoodi (Stauffer & McKaye, 1986)
Diplotaxodon limnothrissa (Turner, 1994)
Diplotaxodon macrops (Turner & Stauffer, 1998)
Divandu (Lamboj & Snoeks, 2000)[107]
Divandu albimarginatus (Lamboj & Snoeks, 2000)[108]
Docimodus (Boulenger, 1897)[88]
Docimodus evelynae (Eccles & Lewis, 1976)
Docimodus johnstoni (Boulenger, 1897)
Eclectochromis (Eccles & Trewavas, 1989)[87]
Eclectochromis lobochilus (Trewavas, 1935)
Eclectochromis ornatus (Regan, 1922)
Ectodus (Boulenger, 1898)[48]
Ectodus descampsii (Boulenger, 1898)
Enantiopus
- Enantiopus albini (Steindachner, 1909)
Eretmodus (Boulenger, 1898)[48]
Eretmodus cyanostictus (Boulenger, 1898)
Etia (Schliewen & Stiassny, 2003)[109]
Etia nguti (Schliewen & Stiassny, 2003)[110]
Etroplus (Cuvier, 1830)[111]
Etroplus canarensis (Day, 1877)[112]
Etroplus maculatus (Bloch, 1795)[113]
Etroplus suratensis (Bloch, 1790)[114]
Exochochromis (Eccles & Trewavas, 1989)[94]
Exochochromis anagenys (Oliver, 1989)
Fossorochromis (Eccles & Trewavas, 1989)[94]- Fossorochromis rostratus (Boulenger, 1899)
Genyochromis (Trewavas, 1935)[36]
Genyochromis mento (Trewavas, 1935)
Geophagus (Heckel, 1840 )[71]
Gephyrochromis (Boulenger, 1901 )[115]
Gephyrochromis lawsi (Fryer, 1957)
Gephyrochromis moorii (Boulenger, 1901)
Gnathochromis (Poll, 1981)[116]
Gnathochromis permaxillaris (David, 1936)
Gnathochromis pfefferi (Boulenger, 1898)
Gobiocichla (Kanazawa, 1951)[117]
Gobiocichla ethelwynnae (Roberts, 1982)
Gobiocichla wonderi (Kanazawa, 1951)
Grammatotria (Boulenger, 1899)[45]
Grammatotria lemairii (Boulenger, 1899)
Greenwoodochromis (Poll, 1983)[118]
Greenwoodochromis bellcrossi (Poll, 1976)
Greenwoodochromis christyi (Trewavas, 1953)
Guianacara (Kullander & Nijssen, 1989)[119]
Gymnogeophagus (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918)[120]
Haplochromis (Hilgendorf, 1888)[121]
Haplotaxodon (Boulenger, 1906)[122]
Haplotaxodon microlepis (Boulenger, 1906)
Haplotaxodon trifasciatus (Takahashi & Nakaya, 1999)
Hemibates (Regan, 1920)[44]- Hemibates stenosoma (Boulenger, 1901)
Hemichromis (Peters, 1857)[123]
Hemitaeniochromis (Eccles & Trewavas, 1989)[94]
Hemitaeniochromis urotaenia (Regan, 1922)
Hemitilapia (Boulenger, 1902)[102]
Hemitilapia oxyrhyncha (Boulenger, 1902)
Herichthys (Baird & Girard, 1854)[124]
Herichthys bartoni (Bean, 1892)[125]
Herichthys carpintis (Jordan & Snyder, 1899)[126]
Herichthys cyanoguttatus (Baird & Girard, 1854)[127]
Herichthys deppii (Heckel, 1840)
Herichthys labridens (Pellegrin, 1903)[128]
Herichthys minckleyi (Kornfield & Taylor, 1983)
Herichthys pantostictus (Taylor & Miller, 1983)[129]
Herichthys pearsei (Hubbs, 1936)
Herichthys steindachneri (Jordan & Snyder, 1899)[126]
Herichthys tamasopoensis (Artigas Azas, 1993)[130]
Heroina (Kullander, 1996)[131]
Heroina isonycterina (Kullander, 1996)
Heros (Heckel, 1840)[71]
Heros efasciatus (Heckel, 1840)[55]
Heros notatus (Jardine, 1843)[132]
Heros severus (Heckel, 1840)[55]
Heros spurius (Heckel, 1840)[133]
Heterochromis (Regan, 1922)[134]
Heterochromis multidens (Pellegrin, 1900)
Hoplarchus (Kaup, 1860)[135]
Hoplarchus psittacus (Heckel, 1840)
Hoplotilapia (Hilgendorf, 1888)[121]- Hoplotilapia retrodens (Hilgendorf, 1888)
Hypselecara (Kullander, 1986)[61]
Hypselecara coryphaenoides (Heckel, 1840)[55]
Hypselecara temporalis (Gunther, 1862)[136]
Hypsophrys (Agassiz, 1859)[137]
Hypsophrys nematopus (Günther, 1867)[34]
Hypsophrys nicaraguensis (Günther, 1864)[138]
Interochromis (Yamaoka, Hori & Kuwamura, 1988)[139]
Interochromis loocki (Poll, 1949)[140]
Iodotropheus (Oliver & Loiselle, 1972 )[141]
Iodotropheus declivitas (Stauffer, 1994)
Iodotropheus sprengerae (Oliver & Loiselle, 1972)
Iodotropheus stuartgranti (Konings, 1990)
Iranocichla (Coad, 1982)[142]
Iranocichla hormuzensis (Coad, 1982)[143]
Julidochromis (Boulenger, 1898)[48]
Katria (Stiassny & Sparks, 2006)[144]
Katria katria (Reinthal & Stiassny, 1997)[145]
Konia (Trewavas, 1972)[146]
Konia dikume (Trewavas, 1972)[147]
Konia eisentrauti (Trewavas, 1962)[148]
Krobia (Kullander & Nijssen, 1989)[149]
Krobia guianensis (Regan, 1905)[150]
Krobia itanyi (Puyo, 1943)[151]
Krobia paloemeuensis (Kullander & Nijssen, 1989)[152]
Krobia potaroensis (Eigenmann, 1912)[153]
Labeotropheus (Ahl, 1926 )[154]
Labeotropheus fuelleborni (Ahl, 1926)[155]
Labeotropheus trewavasae (Fryer, 1956)[156]
Labidochromis (Trewavas, 1935)[36]
Laetacara (Kullander, 1986)[61]
Lamprologus (Schilthuis, 1891 )[157]
Lepidiolamprologus (Pellegrin, 1904)[37]
Lestradea (Poll, 1943)[158]
Lestradea perspicax (Poll, 1943)[159]
Lestradea stappersii (Poll, 1943)[159]
Lethrinops (Regan, 1922)[43]
Lichnochromis (Trewavas, 1935)[36]
Lichnochromis acuticeps (Trewavas, 1935)
Limbochromis (Greenwood, 1987)[160]
Limbochromis robertsi (Thys van den Audenaerde & Loiselle, 1971)[161]
Limnochromis (Regan, 1920)[44]
Limnochromis abeelei (Poll, 1949)[162]
Limnochromis auritus (Boulenger, 1901)[163]
Limnochromis staneri (Poll, 1949)[162]
Limnotilapia (Regan, 1920)[44]
Limnotilapia dardennii (Boulenger, 1899)
Lobochilotes (Boulenger, 1915)[74]- Lobochilotes labiatus (Boulenger, 1898)
Maravichromis (Eccles i Trewavas, 1989)
Maylandia (Meyer & Foerster, 1984)
Mazarunia (Kullander, 1990)[164]
Mazarunia mazarunii (Kullander, 1990)[165]
Mbipia (Lippitsch & Seehausen, 1998)[166]
Mbipia lutea (Seehausen & Bouton, 1998)[167]
Mbipia mbipi (Lippitsch & Bouton, 1998)[167]
Mchenga (Stauffer & Konings, 2006)[168]
Melanochromis (Trewavas, 1935)[36]
Mesonauta (Günther, 1862)[169]
Metriaclima (Stauffer, Bowers, Kellogg & McKaye, 1997)[170]
Microchromis (Johnson, 1975)[171]
Microchromis zebroides (Johnson, 1975)[171]
Mikrogeophagus (Meulengracht-Madson, 1968)[172]
Mikrogeophagus altispinosus (Haseman, 1911)
Mikrogeophagus ramirezi (Myers & Harry, 1948)[173]
Myaka (Trewavas, 1972)[146]
Myaka myaka (Trewavas, 1972)[174]
Mylochromis (Regan, 1920)[44]
Mylochromis chekopae (Turner & Howarth, 2001)[175]
Mylochromis ensatus (Turner & Howarth, 2001)[175]
Mylochromis gracilis (Trewavas, 1935)
Mylochromis lateristriga (Günther, 1864)[176]
Mylochromis melanonotus (Regan, 1922)[177]
Mylochromis spilostichus (Trewavas, 1935)
Naevochromis (Eccles & Trewavas, 1989)[94]
Naevochromis chrysogaster (Trewavas, 1935)[75]
Nandopsis (Gill, 1862)[178]
Nandopsis haitiensis (Tee-Van, 1935)[179]
Nandopsis tetracanthus (Valenciennes, 1831)[180]
Nandopsis vombergae (Ladiges, 1938)[181]
Nannacara (Regan, 1905)[182]
Nannacara adoketa (Kullander & Prada-Pedreros, 1993)[183]
Nannacara anomala (Regan, 1905)[150]
Nannacara aureocephalus (Allgayer, 1983)[184]
Nannacara bimaculata (Eigenmann, 1912)[185]
Nannacara quadrispinae (Staeck & Schindler, 2004)[186]
Nannacara taenia (Regan, 1912)[187]
Nanochromis (Pellegrin, 1904)[37]
Neochromis (Regan, 1920)[44]
Neolamprologus (Colombe & Allgayer, 1985)[188]
Nimbochromis (Eccles & Trewavas, 1989 )[94]
Nyassachromis (Eccles & Trewavas, 1989)[94]
Ophthalmotilapia (Pellegrin, 1904)[37]
Ophthalmotilapia boops (Boulenger, 1901)[163]
Ophthalmotilapia heterodonta (Poll & Matthes, 1962)[189]
Ophthalmotilapia nasuta (Poll & Matthes, 1962)[189]
Ophthalmotilapia ventralis (Boulenger, 1898)[190]
Oreochromis (Günther, 1889)[191]
Orthochromis (Greenwood, 1954)[192]
Otopharynx (Regan, 1920)[44]
Oxylapia (Kiener & Maugé, 1966)[193]
Oxylapia polli (Kiener & Maugé, 1966)[194]
Pallidochromis (Turner, 1994)[195]
Pallidochromis tokolosh (Turner, 1994)[196]
Parachromis (Agassiz, 1859)[197]
Parachromis dovii (Günther, 1864)[198]
Parachromis friedrichsthalii (Heckel, 1840)[55]
Parachromis loisellei (Bussing, 1989)[199]
Parachromis managuensis (Günther, 1867)[200]
Parachromis motaguensis (Günther, 1867)[200]
Paracyprichromis (Poll, 1986)[24]
Paracyprichromis brieni (Poll, 1981)[201]
Paracyprichromis nigripinnis (Boulenger, 1901)[163]
Paralabidochromis (Greenwood, 1956)[202]
Paralabidochromis victoriae (Greenwood, 1956)[203]
Parananochromis (Greenwood, 1987)[204]
Paraneetroplus (Regan, 1905)[205]
Paraneetroplus bulleri (Regan, 1905)[206]
Paraneetroplus gibbiceps (Steindachner, 1864)[207]
Paraneetroplus nebuliferus (Günther, 1860)[208]
Paratilapia (Bleeker, 1868)[209]
Paratilapia polleni (Bleeker, 1868)[210]
Paratilapia toddi (Boulenger, 1905)
Paretroplus (Bleeker, 1868)[211]
Pelmatochromis (Steindachner, 1894)[212]
Pelmatochromis buettikoferi (Steindachner, 1894)[213]
Pelmatochromis nigrofasciatus (Pellegrin, 1900)[214]
Pelmatochromis ocellifer (Boulenger, 1899)[215]
Pelvicachromis (Thys van den Audenaerde, 1968)[216]
Perissodus (Boulenger, 1898)[217]
Perissodus eccentricus (Liem & Stewart, 1976)[218]
Perissodus microlepis (Boulenger, 1898)[190]
Petenia (Günther, 1862)[169]- Petenia splendida (Günther, 1862)[219]
Petrochromis (Boulenger, 1898)[48]
Petrotilapia (Trewavas, 1935)[36]
Petrotilapia chrysos (Stauffer & van Snik, 1996)[220]
Petrotilapia genalutea (Marsh, 1983)[221]
Petrotilapia nigra (Marsh, 1983)[221]
Petrotilapia tridentiger (Trewavas, 1935)[222]
Pharyngochromis (Greenwood, 1979)[223]
Pharyngochromis acuticeps (Steindachner, 1866)[224]
Pharyngochromis darlingi (Boulenger, 1911)[225]
Placidochromis (Eccles & Trewavas, 1989)[60]
Platytaeniodus (Boulenger, 1906)[226]
Platytaeniodus degeni (Boulenger, 1906)[226]
Plecodus (Boulenger, 1898)[48]
Plecodus elaviae (Poll, 1949)[162]
Plecodus multidentatus (Poll, 1952)[227]
Plecodus paradoxus (Boulenger, 1898)[190]
Plecodus straeleni (Poll, 1948)[53]
Protomelas (Eccles & Trewavas, 1989)[228]
Pseudocrenilabrus (Fowler, 1934)[229]
Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor (Schoeller, 1903)[230]
Pseudocrenilabrus nicholsi (Pellegrin, 1928)[231]
Pseudocrenilabrus philander (Weber, 1897)[232]
Pseudosimochromis (Nelissen, 1977)[233]
Pseudosimochromis curvifrons (Poll, 1942)[234]
Pseudotropheus (Regan, 1922)[43]
Pterochromis (Trewavas, 1973)[235]
Pterochromis congicus (Boulenger, 1897)[236]
Pterophyllum (Heckel, 1840)[71]
Pterophyllum altum (Pellegrin, 1903)[128]
Pterophyllum leopoldi (Gosse, 1963)[56]
Pterophyllum scalare (Lichtenstein, 1823)[237]
Ptychochromis (Steindachner, 1880)[238]
Ptychochromis curvidens (Stiassny & Sparks, 2006)[239]
Ptychochromis ernestmagnusi (Sparks & Stiassny, 2010)[240]
Ptychochromis grandidieri (Sauvage, 1882)
Ptychochromis inornatus (Sparks, 2002)[241]
Ptychochromis insolitus (Stiassny & Sparks, 2006)[239]
Ptychochromis loisellei (Stiassny & Sparks, 2006)[239]
Ptychochromis makira (Stiassny & Sparks, 2006)[239]
Ptychochromis oligacanthus (Bleeker, 1868)[242]
Ptychochromis onilahy (Stiassny & Sparks, 2006)[239]
Ptychochromoides (Kiener & Mauge, 1966)[193]
Ptychochromoides betsileanus (Boulenger, 1899)[243]
Ptychochromoides itasy (Sparks, 2004)[244] †
Ptychochromoides vondrozo (Sparks & Reinthal, 2001)[245]
Pundamilia (Seehausen & Lippitsch, 1998)[166]
Pundamilia azurea (Seehausen & Lippitsch, 1998)[246]
Pundamilia igneopinnis (Seehausen & Lippitsch, 1998)[246]
Pundamilia macrocephala (Seehausen & Bouton, 1998)[246]
Pundamilia nyererei (Witte-Maas & Witte, 1985)[247]
Pundamilia pundamilia (Seehausen & Bouton, 1998)[246]
Pungu (Trewavas, 1972)[146]
Pungu maclareni (Trewavas, 1962)[248]
Pyxichromis (Greenwood, 1980)[21]
Pyxichromis orthostoma (Regan, 1922)[249]
Pyxichromis paradoxus (Lippitsch & Kaufman, 2003)[250]
Pyxichromis parorthostoma (Greenwood, 1967)[251] †
Reganochromis (Whitley, 1929)[252]
Reganochromis calliurus (Boulenger, 1901)[253]
Retroculus (Eigenmann & Bray, 1894)[20]
Retroculus lapidifer (Castelnau, 1855)
Retroculus septentrionalis (Gosse, 1971)
Retroculus xinguensis (Gosse, 1971)
Rhamphochromis (Regan, 1922)[43]
Rocio (Schmitter-Soto, 2007)[254]
Rocio gemmata (Contreras-Balderas & Schmitter-Soto, 2007)[255]
Rocio ocotal (Schmitter-Soto, 2007)[255]
Rocio octofasciata (Regan, 1903)[256]
Sargochromis (Regan, 1920)[44]
Sarotherodon (Rüppell, 1852)[257]
Satanoperca (Günther, 1862)[169]
Schubotzia (Boulenger, 1914)[258]
Schubotzia eduardiana (Boulenger, 1914)[259]
Schwetzochromis (Poll, 1948)[97]
Schwetzochromis neodon (Poll, 1948)[260]
Sciaenochromis (Eccles & Trewavas, 1989)[60]
Sciaenochromis ahli (Trewavas, 1935)[261]
Sciaenochromis benthicola (Konings, 1993)[262]
Sciaenochromis fryeri (Konings, 1993)[263]
Sciaenochromis gracilis (Trewavas, 1935)[264]
Sciaenochromis psammophilus (Konings, 1993)[265]
Sciaenochromis spilostichus (Trewavas, 1935)[222]
Serranochromis (Regan, 1920)[44]
Simochromis (Boulenger, 1898)[48]
Simochromis babaulti (Pellegrin, 1927)[266]
Simochromis diagramma (Günther, 1894)[267]
Simochromis margaretae (Axelrod & Harrison, 1978)[268]
Simochromis marginatus (Poll, 1956)[269]
Simochromis pleurospilus (Nelissen, 1978)[270]
Spathodus (Boulenger, 1900)[271]
Spathodus erythrodon (Boulenger, 1900)[272]
Spathodus marlieri (Poll, 1950)[273]
Steatocranus (Boulenger, 1899)[274]
Stigmatochromis (Eccles & Trewavas, 1989)[60]
Stigmatochromis macrorhynchos (Stauffer, Cleaver-Yoder & Konings, 2011)[275]
Stigmatochromis melanchros (Stauffer, Cleaver-Yoder & Konings, 2011)[275]
Stigmatochromis modestus (Günther, 1894)[276]
Stigmatochromis pholidophorus (Trewavas, 1935)[277]
Stigmatochromis pleurospilus (Trewavas, 1935)[277]
Stigmatochromis woodi (Regan, 1922)[278]
Stomatepia (Trewavas, 1962)[279]
Stomatepia mariae (Holly, 1930)[280]
Stomatepia mongo (Trewavas, 1972)[281]
Stomatepia pindu (Trewavas, 1972)[281]
Symphysodon (Heckel, 1840)[71]
Symphysodon aequifasciatus (Pellegrin, 1904)[282]
Symphysodon discus (Heckel, 1840)[18]
Taeniacara (Myers, 1935)[283]
Taeniacara candidi (Myers, 1935)[283]
Taeniochromis (Eccles & Trewavas, 1989)[94]
Taeniochromis holotaenia (Regan, 1922)[43]
Taeniolethrinops (Eccles & Trewavas, 1989)[94]
Taeniolethrinops cyrtonotus (Trewavas, 1931)[284]
Taeniolethrinops furcicauda (Trewavas, 1931)[284]
Taeniolethrinops laticeps (Trewavas, 1931)[284]
Taeniolethrinops praeorbitalis (Regan, 1922)[285]
Tahuantinsuyoa (Kullander, 1991)[61]
Tahuantinsuyoa chipi (Kullander, 1991)[286]
Tahuantinsuyoa macantzatza (Kullander, 1986)[287]
Tangachromis (Poll, 1981)[116]
Tangachromis dhanisi (Poll, 1949)[288]
Tanganicodus (Poll, 1950)[289]
Tanganicodus irsacae (Poll, 1950)[290]
Teleocichla (Kullander, 1988)[291]
Teleocichla centisquama (Zuanon & Sazima, 2002)[292]
Teleocichla centrarchus (Kullander, 1988)[293]
Teleocichla cinderella (Kullander, 1988)[293]
Teleocichla gephyrogramma (Kullander, 1988)[293]
Teleocichla monogramma (Kullander, 1988)[293]
Teleocichla prionogenys (Kullander, 1988)
Teleogramma (Boulenger, 1899)[274]
Teleogramma brichardi (Poll, 1959)[294]
Teleogramma depressum (Roberts & Stewart, 1976)[295]
Teleogramma gracile (Boulenger, 1899)[296]
Teleogramma monogramma (Pellegrin, 1927)[297]
Telmatochromis (Boulenger, 1898)[48]
Theraps (Günther, 1862)[298]
Theraps coeruleus (Stawikowski & Werner, 1987)[299]
Theraps godmanni (Günther, 1862)[169]
Theraps heterospilus (Hubbs, 1936)[300]
Theraps intermedius (Günther, 1862)[169]
Theraps irregularis (Günther, 1862)[301]
Theraps lentiginosus (Steindachner, 1864)[302]
Theraps microphthalmus (Günther, 1862)[169]
Theraps wesseli (Miller, 1996)[303]
Thoracochromis (Greenwood, 1979)[223]
Thoracochromis albolabris (Trewavas & Thys van den Audenaerde, 1969)[304]
Thoracochromis bakongo (Thys van den Audenaerde, 1964)
Thoracochromis brauschi (Poll & Thys van den Audenaerde, 1965)[305]
Thoracochromis buysi (Penrith, 1970)[306]
Thoracochromis callichromus (Poll, 1948)[307]
Thoracochromis demeusii (Boulenger, 1899)
Thoracochromis fasciatus (Perugia, 1892)
Thoracochromis lucullae (Boulenger, 1913)
Thoracochromis moeruensis (Boulenger, 1899)
Thoracochromis schwetzi (Poll, 1967)
Thoracochromis stigmatogenys (Boulenger, 1913)
Thoracochromis wingatii (Boulenger, 1902)
Thorichthys (Meek, 1904)[308]
Thysochromis (Daget, 1988)[309]- Thysochromis ansorgii (Boulenger, 1901)[310]
Tilapia (Smith, 1840)[311]
Tomocichla (Regan, 1908 )[312]
Tomocichla asfraci (Allgayer, 2002)
Tomocichla sieboldii (Kner, 1863)
Tomocichla tuba (Meek, 1912)
Tramitichromis (Eccles & Trewavas, 1989)[313]
Tramitichromis brevis (Boulenger, 1908)
Tramitichromis intermedius (Trewavas, 1935)
Tramitichromis lituris (Trewavas, 1931)
Tramitichromis trilineatus (Trewavas, 1931)
Tramitichromis variabilis (Trewavas, 1931)
Trematocara (Boulenger, 1899 )[314]
Trematocranus (Trewavas, 1935)[36]
Trematocranus labifer (Trewavas, 1935)
Trematocranus microstoma (Trewavas, 1935)
Trematocranus placodon (Regan, 1922)
Triglachromis (Poll & Thys van den Audenaerde, 1974)[315]
Triglachromis otostigma (Regan, 1920)[316]
Tristramella (Trewavas, 1942)[317]
Tristramella intermedia (Steinitz & Ben-Tuvia, 1959) †
Tristramella magdalainae (Lortet, 1883) †
Tristramella sacra (Günther, 1865)
Tristramella simonis (Günther, 1864)
Tropheops (Trewavas, 1984)
Tropheops gracilior (Trewavas, 1935)
Tropheops lucerna (Trewavas, 1935)
Tropheops macrophthalmus (Ahl, 1926)
Tropheops microstoma (Trewavas, 1935)
Tropheops modestus (Johnson, 1974)
Tropheops novemfasciatus (Regan, 1922)
Tropheops romandi (Colombé, 1979)
Tropheops tropheops (Regan, 1922)
Tropheus (Boulenger, 1898)[217]
Tylochromis (Regan, 1920)[44]
Tyrannochromis (Eccles & Trewavas, 1989)[60]
Uaru (Heckel, 1840)[71]
Uaru amphiacanthoides (Heckel, 1840)
Uaru fernandezyepezi (Stawikowski, 1989)
Variabilichromis (Colombe & Allgayer, 1985)[318]- Variabilichromis moorii (Boulenger, 1898)[48]
Vieja (Fernández-Yepez, 1969)[319]
Xenochromis (Boulenger, 1899)[320]
Xenochromis hecqui (Boulenger, 1899)[320]
Xenotilapia (Boulenger, 1899)[314]
Xystichromis (Greenwood, 1980)
Yssichromis (Greenwood, 1980)[21]
Yssichromis fusiformis (Greenwood & Gee, 1969)[321][322][323][324][325][326][327][328][329][330][331]
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↑ Stauffer, J. R., Jr. & K. R. McKaye 1988. Description of a genus and three deep water species of fishes (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Malawi, Africa. Copeia 1988 (núm. 2): 441-449.
↑ 24,024,124,2 Poll, M. 1986. Classification des Cichlidae du lac Tanganika. Tribus, genres et especes. Mem. Acad. R. Belg. Cl. Sci. (Ser. 2) v. 45 (núm. 2): 1-163.
↑ Schmitter-Soto, J.J. 2007. A systematic revision of the genus Archocentrus (Perciformes: Cichlidae), with the description of two new genera and six new species. Zootaxa, 1603: 1–78.
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↑ Gill, T. N. & J. F. Bransford. 1877. Synopsis of the fishes of Lake Nicaragua. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v. 29: 175-191.
↑ 34,034,1 Günther, A., 1867. On the fishes of the states of Central America, founded upon specimens collected in fresh and marine waters of various parts of that country by Messrs. Salvin and Godman and Capt. J. M. Dow. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866 (pt 3): 600-604.
↑ Vaillant, L. L. & J. Pellegrin. 1902. Cichlidés nouveaux de l'Amérique Centrale. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. (Sér. 1) v. 8 (núm. 2): 84-88.
↑ 36,036,136,236,336,436,536,636,736,836,9 Trewavas, E. 1935. A synopsis of the cichlid fishes of Lake Nyasa. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 10) v. 16 (núm. 91): 65-118.
↑ 37,037,137,237,337,437,5 Pellegrin, J. 1904. Contribution à l'étude anatomique, biologique et taxinomique des poissons de la famille des Cichlidés. Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. v. 16 (núms. 2-4): 41-400, Pls. 4-7.
↑ Pellegrin, J., 1904. Contribution à l'étude anatomique, biologique et taxinomique des poissons de la famille des Cichlidés. Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. v. 16 (núms. 2-4): 41-400, Pls. 4-7.
↑ Poll, M., 1944. Descriptions de poissons nouveaux recueillis dans la région d'Albertville (Congo belge) par le Dr. G. Pojer. Bull. Mus. R. Hist. Nat. Belg. v. 20 (núm. 3): 1-12.
↑ Greenwood, P. H., 1954. On two species of cichlid fishes from the Malagarazi River (Tanganyika), with notes on the pharyngeal apophysis in species of the Haplochromis group. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 12) v. 7 (núm. 78): 401-414.
↑ 41,041,1 Swainson, W. 1839. The natural history and classification of fishes, amphibians, & reptiles, or monocardian animals. Spottiswoode & Co., Londres. Nat. Hist. & Class. v. 2: i-vi + 1-448.
↑ Spix, J. B. von & L. Agassiz. 1829-1831. Selecta genera et species piscium quos in itinere per Brasiliam annos MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I.... colleget et pingendso curavit Dr J. B. de Spix.... Monachii. Selecta Piscium Brasiliam: Part 1: i-xvi + i-ii + 1-82, Pls. 1-48;, Part 2: 83-138, Pls. 49-101.
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↑ 44,0044,0144,0244,0344,0444,0544,0644,0744,0844,0944,1044,1144,12 Regan, C. T. 1920. The classification of the fishes of the family Cichlidae.--I. The Tanganyika genera. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 9) v. 5 (núm. 25): 33-53.
↑ 45,045,1 Boulenger, G. A. 1899. Second contribution to the ichthyology of Lake Tanganyika.--On the fishes obtained by the Congo Free State Expedition under Lieut. Lemaire in 1898. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. v. 15 (pt 4, núm. 1): 87-96, Pls. 18-20.
↑ Rícan, O. & S. O. Kullander 2006. Character- and tree-based delimitation of species in the 'Cichlasoma' fasciatum group (Teleostei, Cichlidae) with the description of a new genus. 1-17.
↑ Bailey, R. M. & D. J. Stewart. 1977. Cichlid fishes from Lake Tanganyika: additions to the Zambian fauna including two new species. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan Núm. 679: 1-30, Pls. 1-3.
↑ 48,048,148,248,348,448,548,648,748,8 Boulenger, G. A. 1898. Report on the fishes recently obtained by Mr. J. E. S. Moore in Lake Tanganyika. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1898 (pt 3): 494-497.
↑ Lamboj, A. 2001. Revision des Chromidotilapia batesii/finleyi-Komplexes (Teleostei, Perciformes), mit der Beschreibung einer neuen Gattung und dreier neuer Arten. Verh. Ges. Ichthyol. v. 2: 11-47.
↑ Poll, M. 1986. Classification des Cichlidae du lac Tanganika. Tribus, genres et especes. Mem. Acad. R. Belg. Cl. Sci. (Ser. 2) v. 45 (núm. 2): 1-163.
↑ Takahashi, T., 2008. Description of a new cichlid fish species of the genus Benthochromis (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika. Journal of Fish Biology, 72 (3): 603-613.
↑ Poll, M., 1984. Haplotaxodon melanoides sp. n. du lac Tanganika (Pisces, Cichlidae). Revue de Zoologique Africaine v. 98 (núm. 3): 677-681.
↑ 53,053,1 Poll, M., 1948. Descriptions de Cichlidae nouveaux recueillis par la mission hydrobiologique belge au Lac Tanganika (1946-1947). Bulletin du Musée Royal d'Historie Naturelle de Belgique v. 24 (núm. 26): 1-31.
↑ 54,054,1 Eigenmann, C. H. & C. H. Kennedy 1903. On a collection of fishes from Paraguay, with a synopsis of the American genera of cichlids. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v. 55: 497-537.
↑ 55,055,155,255,355,4 Heckel, J. J., 1840. Johann Natterer's neue Flussfische Brasilien's nach den Beobachtungen und Mittheilungen des Entdeckers beschrieben (Erste Abtheilung, Die Labroiden). Annalen des Wierner Museums der Natrugeschichte v. 2: 325-471, Pls. 29-30.
↑ 56,056,1 Gosse, J.-P., 1963. Description de deux cichlides nouveaux de la region amazonienne. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique v. 39 (núm. 35): 1-7, Pl. 1.
↑ Kullander, S. O., 1989. Biotoecus Eigenmann and Kennedy (Teleostei: Cichlidae): description of a new species from the Orinoco Basin and revised generic diagnosis. Journal of Natural History v. 23 (núm. 1): 225-260.
↑ 58,058,1 Steindachner, F., 1875. Beiträge der Kenntniss der Chromiden des Amazonenstromes. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 71 (1. Abth.): 61-137, Pls. 1-8.
↑ Boulenger, G. A. 1899. Second contribution to the ichthyology of Lake Tanganyika.-- On the fishes obtained by the Congo Free State Expedition under Lieut. Lemaire in 1898. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 15 (pt 4, núm. 1): 87-96, Pls. 18-20.
↑ 60,060,160,260,360,460,560,6 Eccles, D. H. & E. Trewavas 1989. Malawian cichlid fishes. The classification of some Haplochromine genera. Lake Fish Movies, H. W. Dieckhoff, República Federal d'Alemanya. Malawian cichlid fishes: 1-334.
↑ 61,061,161,261,3 Kullander, S. O. 1986. Cichlid fishes of the Amazon River drainage of Peru. Swedish Museum of Natural History. Cichlids Amazon: 1-431, Pls. 1-38.
↑ Fowler, H. W. 1945. Colombian zoological survey. Pt. I.--The freshwater fishes obtained in 1945. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v. 97: 93-135.
↑ Steindachner, F., 1878. Zur Fischfauna des Magdalenen-Stromes. Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien v. 15 (núm. 12): 88-91.
↑ Schultz, L. P., 1944. A new species of cichlid fish of the genus Petenia from Colombia. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. v. 34 (núm. 12): 410-412.
↑ Steindachner, F., 1875. Beiträge der Kenntniss der Chromiden des Amazonenstromes. Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien v. 71 (1. Abth.): 61-137, Pls. 1-8.
↑ Meek, S. E. & S. F. Hildebrand. 1913. New species of fishes from Panama. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ. Zool. Ser. v. 10 (núm. 8): 77-91.
↑ Poll, M. 1942. Cichlidae nouveaux du lac Tanganika appartenant aux collections du Musée du Congo. Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. v. 36 (núm. 4): 343-360.
↑ 68,068,168,2 Steindachner, F. 1875. Beiträge der Kenntniss der Chromiden des Amazonenstromes. Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien v. 71 (1. Abth.): 61-137, Pls. 1-8.
↑ Eigenmann, C. H., McAtee, W. L. & Ward, D. P. 1907. On further collections of fishes from Paraguay. Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 4 (núm. 2): 110-157, Pls. 31-45.
↑ Steindachner, F. 1875. Beiträge der Kenntniss der Chromiden des Amazonenstromes. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 71 (1. Abth.): 61-137, Pls. 1-8.
↑ 71,071,171,271,371,471,571,6 Heckel, J. J. 1840. Johann Natterer's neue Flussfische Brasilien's nach den Beobachtungen und Mittheilungen des Entdeckers beschrieben (Erste Abtheilung, Die Labroiden). Ann. Wien. Mus. Naturges. v. 2: 325-471, Pls. 29-30.
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↑ Poll, M. 1974. Contribution à la faune ichthyologique du lac Tanganika, d'après les récoltes de P. Brichard. Revue de Zoologique Africaine v. 88 (núm. 1): 99-110.
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↑ Steindachner, F., 1864. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Chromiden Mejico's und Central-Amerika's. Denkschr. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. v. 23: 57-74, Pls. 1-5.
↑ Miller, R. R., 1996. Theraps wesseli, a new species of cichlid fish from the Caribbean slope of northern Honduras. Trop. Fish Hobby. v. 44 (núm. 10): 179-183.
↑ Trewavas, E. & D. F. E. Thys van den Audenaerde. 1969. A new Angolan species of Haplochromis (Pisces, Cichlidae). Mitt. Hamb. Zool. Mus. Inst. v. 66: 237-239, Pl. 13.
↑ Poll, M. & D. F. E. Thys van den Audenaerde. 1965. Deux cichlidae nouveaux du Sud du Bassin du Congo. Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. v. 72 (núms. 3-4): 322-333.
↑ Penrith, M. L., 1970. Report on a small collection of fishes from the Kunene River mouth. Cimbebasia (Ser. A) v. 1 (núm. 7): 165-176.
↑ Poll, M., 1948. Descriptions de Cichlidae nouveaux recueillis par le Dr. J. Schwetz dans la rivière Fwa (Congo belge). Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. v. 41 (núm. 1): 91-104, Pl. 21.
↑ Meek, S. E. 1904. The fresh-water fishes of Mexico north of the isthmus of Tehuantepec. Field Columbian Mus. Zool. Ser. v. 5: i-lxiii + 1-252, Pls. 1-17.
↑ Daget, J. 1988. Mutanda Ichthyologica: Thysochromis nom. nov. en replacement de Thysia (Pisces, Cichlidae). Cybium v. 12 (núm. 1): 97.
↑ Boulenger, G. A. 1901. On the fishes collected by Dr. W. J. Ansorge in the Niger Delta. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1901, v. 1 (pt 1): 4-10, Pls. 2-4.
↑ Smith, A. 1838-1847. Pisces. In: Illustrations of the zoology of South Africa; consisting chiefly of figures and descriptions of the objects of natural history collected during an expedition into the interior of South Africa in 1834-36. Illust. Zool. S. Africa v. 4: 77 unnumb. pp, accompanying Pls. 1-31.
↑ Regan, C. T. 1908. A collection of freshwater fishes made by Mr. C. F. Underwood in Costa Rica. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 8) v. 2 (núm. 11): 455-464.
↑ Eccles, D. H. & E. Trewavas, 1989. Malawian cichlid fishes. The classification of some Haplochromine genera. Lake Fish Movies, H. W. Dieckhoff, Alemanya Occidental. Malawian cichlid fishes: 1-334.
↑ 314,0314,1 Boulenger, G. A. 1899. Second contribution to the ichthyology of Lake Tanganyika.--On the fishes obtained by the Congo Free State Expedition under Lieut. Lemaire in 1898. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. v. 15 (pt 4, núm. 1): 87-96, Pls. 18-20.
↑ Poll, M. & D. F. E. Thys van den Audenaerde 1974. Genre nouveau Triglachromis proposé pour Limnochromis otostigma Regan, Cichlidae du lac Tanganika (Pisces Cichlidae). Rev. Zool. Afr. v. 88 (núm. 1): 127-130.
↑ Regan, C. T. 1920. A new cichlid fish of the genus Limnochromis from Lake Tanganyika. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 9) v. 5 (núm. 25): 152.
↑ Trewavas, E. 1942. The cichlid fishes of Syria and Palestine. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 11) v. 9 (núm. 55): 526-536.
↑ Colombé, J. & R. Allgayer 1985. Description de Variabilchromis, Neolamprologus et Paleolamprologus genres nouveaux du Lac Tanganyika, avec redescription des genres Lamprologus Schilthuis, 1891 et Lepidiolamprologus Pellegrin, 1904. Rev. Fr. Cichlido. Núm. 49: 9-28.
↑ Fernández-Yépez, A. 1969. Contribución al conocimiento de los cichlidos. Evencias Núm. 22: 7 unnum. pp., Pls. 1-10.
↑ 320,0320,1 Boulenger, G. A. 1899. Matériaux pour la faune du Congo. Poissons nouveaux du Congo. Cinquième Partie. Cyprins, Silures, Cyprinodontes, Acanthoptérygiens. Ann. Mus. Congo (Ser. Zool.) v. 1 (fasc. 5): 97-128, Pls. 40-47.
↑ Greenwood, P. H. & J. M. Gee. 1969. A revision of the Lake Victoria Haplochromis species (Pisces, Cichlidae). Part VII. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool. v. 18 (núm. 1): 1-65.
↑ IUCN (anglès)
↑ Catalogue of Life (anglès)
↑ Fauna Europaea (anglès)
↑ ITIS (anglès)
↑ World Register of Marine Species (anglès)
↑ NCBI (anglès)
↑ BioLib (anglès)
↑ UNEP-WCMC Species Database (anglès)
↑ The Taxonomicon (anglès)
↑ Discover Life (anglès)
Bibliografia
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- Ahl, E. 1938: Über einen neuen südamerikanischen Fisch der Familie Cichlidae. Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 123 (núms. 10/12): 246-247.
- Ahl, E. 1939: Über zwei neue Fische der Familie Cichlidae aus dem Zoologischen Museum Berlin. Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 127 (pts 3-4): 80-82.
- Allgayer, R. 1981: Haplochromis euchilus Trewavas, 1935 (Pisces, Cichlidae). Note sur les Pseudohaplochromis n. n. du lac Malawi. Aquarama 62: 11-13.
- Allgayer, R. 1981: Haplochromis euchilus Trewavas, 1935 (Pisces, Cichlidae). Note sur les Pseudohaplochromis n. n. du lac Malawi. Aquarama 62: 11-13.
- Allgayer, R. 1989: Révision et redescription du genre Theraps Günther 1862. Description de deux espèces nouvelles du Mexique (Pisces, Perciformes, Cichlidae). Revue française des Cichlidophiles v. 10 (núm. 90): 4-30.
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- Boulenger, G. A. 1899: A revision of the African and Syrian fishes of the family Cichlidae. Part II. Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London 1899 (pt 1): 98-143 [1-47], Pls. 11-12.
- Bowers, N. J. i J. R. Stauffer, Jr. 1993: New species of rock-dwelling cichlid (Pisces: Cichlidae) from Lake Malawi, Africa, with comments on Melanochromis vermivorus Trewavas. Copeia 1993 (núm. 3): 715-722.
- Burgess, W. E. 1976: Studies on the family Cichlidae: 3. A new Melanochromis from Lake Malawi, with comments on the genus. Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 24 (núm. 6): 61-65.
- Burgess, W. E. 1976: Studies on the family Cichlidae: 6. A new shell-dwelling cichlid from Lake Malawi and its inquiline catfish. Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 25 (núm. 1): 39-48.
- Burgess, W. E. 1976: Studies on the family Cichlidae: 5. Pseudotropheus aurora, a new species of cichlid fish from Lake Malawi. Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 24 (núm. 9): 52-56.
- Burgess, W. E. 1981: Studies on the family Cichlidae: 10. New information on the species of the genus Symphysodon with the description of a new subspecies of S. discus Heckel. Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 29 (núm. 7): 32-42.
- Carpenter, K. E. 2003: Lobotidae (P. 1505), Sparidae (Pp. 1554-1577), Kyphosidae (Pp. 1684-1687), Cichlidae (Pp. 1690-1693), Uranoscopidae (Pp. 1746-1747). A Carpenter 2003: The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. v. 3.
- Chakrabarty, P. 2006: Taxonomic status of the Hispaniolan Cichlidae. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan Núm. 737: 1-17.
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Enllaços externs
Encyclopedia of Life (anglès)
- AQUATAB.NET
Animal Diversity Web (anglès)
Els cíclids dels Grans Llacs d'Àfrica (francès)
ARKive (anglès)
ZipCodeZoo.com (anglès)
Àmplia informació sobre els cíclids (anglès)
Els cíclids del Llac Malawi (anglès)
Guide to the South American Cichlidae (anglès)
Associazione Italiana Ciclidofili (italià)
Ciclideos.com (portuguès)
Cria de cíclids africans i americans (portuguès)
Associació Portuguesa de Cíclids (portuguès)
Why aren't cichlids hard any more? (anglès)